Other Jihad Movements

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Welcome to class! 

In today’s class, we will be talking about other Jihad movements. Enjoy the class!

Other Jihad Movements

Seku Ahmadu

Born in 1775. Studied under Usman Dan Fodio. Supported by Usman Dan Fodio, declared jihad in Hamdullahi and conquered other places like Jenne etc.

Islamic State of Seku Ahmadu

1. Introduction of the theocratic system
2. Created provinces headed by emirs.
3. Hamdullahi was his capital
4. Reduced corruption through a transparent system of taxation
5. Chiefs and village heads under Muslim scholars.

Al-Hajj Umar

Born in 1794. Went to Mecca and joined the Tijaniyya brotherhood. Declared jihad in Dinguiray in 1852. He set up a Muslim state called the Segu- Tukulor Empire.

Bornu under the Shehus

Position of Bornu empire at the 18th century:

1. Bornu was still strong at the end of the 18th century.
2. States like Kano, Katsina, Zaria owed allegiance to her.
3. They looked up to her for help in times of crisis.
4. Bornu was attacked by Sokoto Jihadists in 1808.
5. Mai Ahmed fled and appealed to El-kanemi.

Mohammed El-Kanemi (1810 – 1835)

1. Born at Fezzan in 1774 by Kanuri parents.
2. A Muslim scholar went on pilgrimage at 25.
3. Lived in Egypt for seven years and later married.
4. In 1814, he defeated and repulsed the Fulani.
5. He became Shehu of Bornu.

His achievements

1. He established the Shehu dynasty and founded a new capital at Kukawa. The Mai was compelled to accept his advice. He expanded the empire e.g. Hadeija, Katagunm and Missau were incorporated into Bornu.
2. He resettled the Kanembu people – intermarriages with the Kanuris – new breed in Bornu. He constructed good roads and this facilitated trade.
3. He made Islam a state religion and used Islamic laws in his administration. He adopted the open-door policy which made trade flourish in the empire.
4. He came to terms with the Fulanis and gave Bornu stable western frontier. He defeated the rebellious Mai and that ended Seifawa dynasty. He established a new system of administration. He allowed conquered territories to retain their local chiefs. All governors were made to pay tribute to him. he promoted Islam by all means.

Muslim brotherhood

1. Qadiriyya:

Founded by Abd Al Qadir (1077- 1166) who taught in Baghdad. They practice mysticism. Usman Dan Fodio was a member. They recite one hundred times the Muslim beads. This brotherhood was common in Hausaland.

2. Tijaniyya:

Founded by Ahmed Al Tijani (1737-1815) who came from Algeria. Al HAJJ Umar was a member. He spread the brotherhood in West Africa including Nigeria. It had a larger follower than Qadiriyya.

3. Muridiyya:

Founded in 1886 by Ahmadu Bamba. It is a West Africa brotherhood and has a membership of over a million. The spiritual centre is Touba in Senegal. Their followers are called Murids and they have great respect for their leaders.

General evaluation

1. What were the causes of the Sokoto Jihad?
2. Describe the organization of the Caliphate.
3. Explain the religious and political achievements of the Shehus of Bornu.

 

In our next class, we will be talking about Yoruba Civil Wars.  We hope you enjoyed the class.

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