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Botany 400 Level

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In this class, you will find all the Botany topics from the First Semester to the Second Semester for the 400 Level. Engage with the material, study diligently, and excel in your examinations.

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Course Information

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First Semester 

Scope and importance of plant physiology
Lesson 1 of 34 within section First Semester .
Relationship between structure and function in plants
Lesson 2 of 34 within section First Semester .
Techniques in plant physiological research
Lesson 3 of 34 within section First Semester .
Properties of water and its role in plant cells
Lesson 4 of 34 within section First Semester .
Water potential and its components
Lesson 5 of 34 within section First Semester .
Mechanisms of water absorption and movement (osmosis, diffusion, transpiration)
Lesson 6 of 34 within section First Semester .
Essential nutrients and their roles in plant metabolism
Lesson 7 of 34 within section First Semester .
Soil-plant interactions and nutrient uptake
Lesson 8 of 34 within section First Semester .
Active and passive transport mechanisms
Lesson 9 of 34 within section First Semester .
Chlorophyll and light absorption
Lesson 10 of 34 within section First Semester .
Photosynthetic pathways (C3, C4, CAM plants)
Lesson 11 of 34 within section First Semester .
Factors affecting photosynthesis (light intensity, CO₂, temperature)
Lesson 12 of 34 within section First Semester .
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
Lesson 13 of 34 within section First Semester .
Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
Lesson 14 of 34 within section First Semester .
ATP synthesis and energy transfer
Lesson 15 of 34 within section First Semester .
Functions and interactions of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid
Lesson 16 of 34 within section First Semester .
Hormonal control of growth, flowering, and fruit development
Lesson 17 of 34 within section First Semester .
Synthetic plant growth regulators and their applications
Lesson 18 of 34 within section First Semester .
Group discussions and practical review
Lesson 19 of 34 within section First Semester .
Factors affecting transpiration rate
Lesson 20 of 34 within section First Semester .
Role of guard cells in stomatal opening and closing
Lesson 21 of 34 within section First Semester .
Adaptations of plants to water stress
Lesson 22 of 34 within section First Semester .
Nitrogen cycle and its significance in plant nutrition
Lesson 23 of 34 within section First Semester .
Role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium, Azotobacter)
Lesson 24 of 34 within section First Semester .
Nitrate and ammonium assimilation in plants
Lesson 25 of 34 within section First Semester .
Effects of drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures on plants
Lesson 26 of 34 within section First Semester .
Molecular and physiological responses to stress
Lesson 27 of 34 within section First Semester .
Mechanisms of stress tolerance (osmotic adjustment, heat shock proteins, antioxidants)
Lesson 28 of 34 within section First Semester .
Leaf senescence and hormonal regulation
Lesson 29 of 34 within section First Semester .
Role of programmed cell death in plant defense
Lesson 30 of 34 within section First Semester .
Practical applications in agriculture
Lesson 31 of 34 within section First Semester .
Measurement of transpiration rates using a potometer
Lesson 32 of 34 within section First Semester .
Chlorophyll extraction and spectrophotometric analysis
Lesson 33 of 34 within section First Semester .
Effects of plant hormones on seed germination and growth
Lesson 34 of 34 within section First Semester .

Second Semester 

Scope and history of plant biotechnology
Lesson 1 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Conventional vs. modern breeding techniques
Lesson 2 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Importance in food security, industry, and medicine
Lesson 3 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Principles of plant tissue culture
Lesson 4 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Callus induction, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis
Lesson 5 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Nutritional media (e.g., Murashige and Skoog medium) and growth regulators
Lesson 6 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Stages of micropropagation
Lesson 7 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Applications in producing disease-free, high-yield plants
Lesson 8 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Case studies in cassava, banana, and yam propagation
Lesson 9 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
Lesson 10 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Biolistics (gene gun) and electroporation techniques
Lesson 11 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Gene silencing and gene editing (introduction to CRISPR-Cas9)
Lesson 12 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Examples: Bt cotton, Golden rice, herbicide-resistant maize
Lesson 13 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Advantages and concerns of GMOs
Lesson 14 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Regulations and biosafety in Nigeria and globally
Lesson 15 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Types: RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSRs, SNPs
Lesson 16 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Applications in plant breeding and germplasm conservation
Lesson 17 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Use in identifying genetic diversity in crops
Lesson 18 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Hands-on test, short presentations, and feedback
Lesson 19 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Modifying metabolic pathways for enhanced yield and stress tolerance
Lesson 20 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Engineering secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids)
Lesson 21 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Application in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals
Lesson 22 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Introduction to DNA/RNA sequence databases
Lesson 23 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Basic use of BLAST, FASTA, and sequence alignment tools
Lesson 24 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Applications in gene annotation and molecular breeding
Lesson 25 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Patents, copyrights, and plant breeders’ rights
Lesson 26 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Ethical considerations in biotechnology research
Lesson 27 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Case studies on GMO disputes and biopiracy
Lesson 28 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Effects of GM crops on biodiversity and ecosystems
Lesson 29 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Public perception and acceptance of biotechnology
Lesson 30 of 31 within section Second Semester .
Biotechnology policies in Nigeria and international frameworks
Lesson 31 of 31 within section Second Semester .

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