Structure: Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs

Back to: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SS3

 

Welcome to class! 

In today’s class, we will be talking about structure: lexical and auxiliary verbs, etc. Enjoy the class!

Comprehension: Law Enforcement Agreement

The passage centres on the attempts by the Nigeria Government to curb drug trafficking in the country. Nigeria’s geographical position gives it the unfortunate distinction of being the natural hub for drug trafficking to and from the Americas, to Europe and across Africa. The United State Government signed an executive agreement on procedures for mutual assistance in law enforcement matters in November 1987. Some success has been recorded but much still remains to be done.

Evaluation

Questions, Page 64

Vocabulary Development: Justice Delayed

Some of the words related to the law include investigation, punishment, plaintiff sentence, trial, legal, judge etc.

Evaluation

Vocabulary, Page 64.

Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs

Lexical verbs:

Lexical (or main) verbs are those that can stand done as the verb element of the sentence.

E.g.

1. Dike did the work yesterday.
2. We are students.
3. John cut down the tree today.

Where the verb element of a sentence consists of more than one verb, the lexical (main) verb always appears last.

E.g.

1. Dike has done the work
2. We are studying English
3. I have read the book.

Auxiliary verbs:

Auxiliary verbs are those that help the main verbs perform their functions. There are two kinds of auxiliary verbs: Primary and modal. A major difference between the two kinds is that; while the primary auxiliaries can also be used as lexical verbs, the modal auxiliaries cannot.

Primary auxiliaries: be, do, have.

1. be  – I am going to school
2. do – Charles did not attend class.
3. Have – I have done the work.

Modal auxiliaries:

1. can – Joy can go if she likes
2. could – John could run fast when he was young.
3. may – Obi may come with us.
4. might – It might rain this afternoon.
5. shall – I shall attend the party.
6. will –  He will play for us today.
7. should – We should eat the food since it is safe.
8. would – If I had a car, I would travel often.
9. must  –  You must tell the truth
10. ought to – Every student ought to study hard.
11. use to –  We used to fly kites when we were young
12. need – You need to leave now
13. dare – Nobody dare insult our leader.

Evaluation

Make five sentences with the following. be, do, have, could, may.

Speech Work: Consonants

There are twenty –four consonants in a speech in English. Three factors are usually considered in the classification of consonants. These are ‘place of articulation’, ‘manner of articulation and ‘state of the glottis? This chart below shows the classification according to these features.

Manner of articulation     State of the Glottis             Place of Articulation

Voiceless        Voiced

p                     b                     Bilabial

STOP                                      t                       d                     Alveolar

(PLOSIVE)                             k                      g                     Velar

FRICATIVE                            f                       v                      Labio-dental

θ                                             Dental

s                       z                      Alveolar

S                                              Palato-Alveolar

h                                              Glottal

AFFRICATE                           ts                     d                     Plato-Alveolar

LATERAL                                                        l                       Alveolar

LIQUID                                                           r                       Alveolar

SEMI-VOWEL                                                w                     Bilabial

j                       Palatal

m                    Bilabial

NASAL                                                           h                      Alveolar

ŋ                      Velar

 

Examples of words where the consonants occur.

1. / p / –           pan, nap
2. / b / –           bud, rub
3. / t / –           tea, seat
4. / d / –           dip, hide
5. /k/ –           come, pack
6. / g / –           get, rag
7. / f / –           fork, cough
8. / v / –           van, live
9. / θ / –           think, both
10. / /     –           this, breathe
11. / s / –           sip, place
12. / z / –           zink, has
13. /s/ –           ship, fish
14. /З/ –           genre, garage
15. / h/ –           hat, behave
16. / ts/ –           cheap, teach
17. / d З / –           joy, page
18. / l / –           lock, sell
19. / r/ –           rag, borrow
20. / w/ –           win, rewind
21. / j/ –           yes, new
22. /m/ –           man, him
23. / n / –           net, rain
24. / ŋ/ –           singer, bang

General evaluation

Structure

Verb Tenses

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.

1. Amadi has never……….. late to school. (come)
2. His mother, together with his sisters,………..in the bakery. (work)
3. He ……….. a lot of reading everyday. (do)
4. My friend and confidant ………. in Lagos. (live)
5. Either his brother or his cousins ………… him advise. (give)

 

In our next class, we will be talking about Vocabulary Development: Justice.  We hope you enjoyed the class.

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