Back to: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SS1
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about structure: conjuncts and disjunct, etc. Enjoy the class!
Comprehension/Reading Skills: More on Skimming and Scanning.
Speech work: Diphthongs /ei/ and /ai/.
Structure: Conjuncts and Disjunct.
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Comprehension/ reading skills
Content
- Skimming
- Scanning
Skimming:
This is the process of going through written materials very fast in search of the main ideas. It involves glancing through the text to determine its gist. It also implies rapid reading with special attention to the main points. The reader who is skimming looks for keywords headings, sub-headings etc. The reader covers the entire reading materials as quickly as possible jotting down only the salient or cogent points. One of the major purposes of skimming is the location of the main ideas. It is looking quickly over the text to get a general superficial idea of the content of the printed material
Scanning:
The major purpose of scanning is the rapid and efficient location of specific words, facts or details. It is the processing of large quantities of print materials for the purpose of localizing particular facts or details. The reader is expected to look at the materials to be read attentively in order to find out the suitability or relevance of the material for a given purpose. The reader is expected to fast phrase by phrase with flexibility and a high degree of concentration in an attempt to draw out the salient points.
Evaluation
Skim and scan through the comprehension passage on page 152 of your Effective English and answer the questions under it.
Reading assignment
Page 152- 153 of the Effective English
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Speech Work: Contrasting /s/ and /z/ and /ʒ/, /f/ and /v/
/f/ is a voiceless labio dental fricative while /v/ is a voiced labio dental fricative.
Contrast
| /v/ | /f/ |
| Vine | Fine |
| Vast | Fast |
| Halve | Half |
| Alive | Life |
| Proof | Prove |
| Save | Safe |
| Divine | Define |
| Review | Refuse |
| Invest | Infest |
| Starve | Staff |
| Sieve | Sift |
| Live | Life |
/s/ /z/
/s/ is a voiceless alveolar fricative
/z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative
| /s/ | /z/ |
| Sow | Zoo |
| Sip | Zip |
| Bless | Breeze |
| Rice | Rise |
| Dice | Dries |
| Bins | Beans |
| Bus | Business |
| Excess | Example |
/ʒ/ /ʃ/
- /ʒ/is a voiced post alveolar fricative
- /ʃ/ is a voiceless post alveolar fricative
Contrast
| /ʒ/ | /ʃ/ |
| Vicious | Erasure |
| Gracious | Pleasure |
| Nation | Treasure |
| Machine | Exposure |
| Precious | Measure |
| Commotion | Confusion |
| Indication | Decision |
| Shrub | Beige |
| Chauffeur | Mirage |
Evaluation
Write 2 words each to show the contrast of the following pairs of sounds:
- / ʃ / and /ʒ/,
- /s/ and /z/
- /v/ and /f/
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Introduction to nominalization
Nominalization refers to the conversion from other word classes into nouns. The methods of deriving nouns include the following: Affixation, The use of the definite article (the) + Adjective, Compounding.
Affixation refers to the way affixes (bound morphemes) are applied to the word with new meanings, or to modify the meaning of words or change the grammatical classes of words. Affixes include prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
Suffixes used to form nouns include the following: ment, ness, ion, ship, hood, ation, ance, /ence, ancy/ency, atis, cido, ism, ist, re/or,ee, ster,ess/tress /trix/ ine, let/ ette/ -ette/ -ling, -ve, -ant, -ing
“ment” it usually goes with verbs
- Enslavement – enslave
- Encroach – encroachment
- Enlighten – enlightenment
“ness”- This morpheme is applied to adjectives especially those that end with – ful, less, -y, ous, -ve e.g.
- Useful – usefulness
- Heartless – heartlessness
- Callous – callousness
“ity”- It’s often connected to adjective especially those that end with “ic”, “se”, “re”, “al” , “cal”, “ous”, “ve”, “ble”, “able”, “ce”
e.g.
- Ethnic – ethnicity
- Intense – intensity
“hood”- It is attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs
- Man- manhood
- Priest – priesthood
Compounding:
A compound noun is a noun composed of more than one word. The plural form of a compound noun is derived through the addition of “s” or ( an equivalent plural marker) to the major word of the compound noun.
The major word may be the initial part of the compound e.g.
| Singular | Plural |
| Secretary-general | Secretaries-general |
| Court-martial | Courts-martial |
| Hanger-on | Hangers-on |
| Solicitor-general | Solicitors-general |
The main word is the final part of the compound
| Headscarf | Headscarfs |
| Talisman | Talismans |
| Linguafranca | Linguafrancas |
| Child soldier | Child soldiers |
| Man eater | Man eaters |
| By election | By elections |
| Highway man | Highway men |
Compound nouns that accept plurals in both parts
| Singular | Plural |
| Woman pilot | Women pilots |
| Man friend | Men friends |
In our next class, we will be talking about Structures: Plural Forms of Nouns and Compound Nouns; Speech work: Words of two syllables which are stressed on the first or second syllables; Essay Writing: Story Writing- “A story which illustrates the saying- It is a man’s world”. We hope you enjoyed the class.
Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to respond as soon as possible.
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