Unsaturated Hydrocarbon – Alkenes

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Welcome to class! 

In today’s class, we will be talking about unsaturated hydrocarbon – alkenes. Enjoy the class!

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon – Alkenes

CONTENT

• Nomenclature
• Preparation
• Properties 

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds.  The multiple bonds can be double bonds e.g. Alkene or triple bonds e.g. Alkyne.

Nomenclature

The process of naming in an alkene is obtained by substitute “ane” in alkane with ‘ene’ e.g. Ethane changes to Ethene, propane to propene

Preparation (Lab. Preparation)

1.  Ethene is prepared by heating ethanol with excess concentrated tetraososulphate(VI)acid at 170^o C. The acid acts as a dehydrating agent by removing water from the ethanol. Thus the process is called dehydration.

The reaction occurs in two stages

C₂H₅OH(aq)  + H₂SO₄ (aq)      →          C₂H₅HSO₄ + H₂O

C₂H₅HSO₄       →        C₂H₄+ H₂SO₄.

The overall reaction is represented by the equation.

C₂H₅OH        H₂SO₄        →              C₂H₄+ H₂SO₄ + H₂O

2. Ethene can be prepared through cracking of Alkane e.g.

C₃H₈             →        C₂H₄ + CH_4.

3. By dehydration

e.g.

 

 Physical properties

1. Ethene is a colourless gas with a faint sweetish odour.
2. It is sparingly  soluble in water
3. It is slightly less dense than air
4. It has no action on litmus paper

Evaluation

1. Write four (4) physical properties of Ethene
2. How would you prepare a jar of ethane gas in the laboratory?

Chemical properties

1. Combustion:

Ethene undergoes combustion/oxidation in air or the presence of oxygen and produces carbon(iv)oxide and steam.

C₂H₄  +  3O₂       →        2CO₂ + 2H₂O.

2. Additional reaction:

a. With hydrogen known as hydrogenation

Ethene                                             Ethane

b. With halogen know as halogenation

c. With Halides known as hydrogenation

e.g.

d. With acidified /Alkaline KMnO4 known as hydroxylation. It decolourises acidified KMnO₄ but turns alkaline KMnO₄ to green and result to ethane -1,2- diol.

e. With Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of osmium trioxide to form ethan -1,2- diol.

f. With conc. H₂SO₄ known as hydration to produce a fuming liquid of ethyl hydrogen sulphate.C₂H₄ + H₂SO₄        →       C₂H₅HSO₄

When ethyl hydrogen sulphate is hydrolyzed, tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid and ethanol are produced.C₂H₅SO₄   →       C₂H₅OH + H₂SO₄

g. Ethene gas decolourizes bromine water to produce bromoethanol.

h. Polymerization of ethane to produce polythene.

i. With ozone known as ozonolysis to from ethane ozonides.

j. Ethene can also undergo additional reaction with oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst at about250^oC to form epoxy ethane.

Uses

1. Used in the manufacture of plastics.
2. Used in making synthetic rubber.
3. Used to hasten the ripening of fruits.
4. Used in the production of other organic compounds e.g. halo-alkane, ethane, ethanol.

General evaluation

1. Describe the reaction of ethane with the following:
   • Bromine water
   • Chlorine water
   • Acidified KMnO₄
   • State four (4) uses of Ethene.

Reading assignment

New School Chemistry by O.Y. Ababio Pg 459-492

Weekend assignment

1. One of the following is not a chemical property of ethane. (a ) Polymerization      (b) Substitutional    (c ) Hydration     (d)  Addition.
2. The function of the empty bottle during the preparation of ethane gas is (a) to remove oxygen    (b) to remove CO2     ( c) to prevent sucking back of the gas            (d) None of the above.
3. The additional reaction of hydrogen and ethene is known as (a) polymerization        (b) additional    (c) combustion   (d) hydrogenation
4. The name of the organic compound with the structure below:

• Cis- but-2-ene
• Trans –cis-but-2-ene
• Trans-1-2- but-2-ene
• 1,2- dimethyl ethane.

Theory

1. Describe two (2) methods of obtaining ethene industrially.
2. Write and name the geometric isomers of a compound with the molecular formula  C₅H₁₀

 

In our next class, we will be talking about Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – Alkynes.  We hope you enjoyed the class.

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